2. Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

Class Preparation:

“Systemic Barriers to Racially Representative Law Enforcement Agencies.” Ontario Human Rights Commission. Accessed March 8, 2017.
“Supreme Court Takes On Racial Discrimination In Jury Selection.” NPR.org. Accessed March 8, 2017.
Owusu-Bempah, Akwasi. “Canadian Judge Acknowledges Anti-Black Racism in Court.” Spacing National, June 28, 2016.
Paul Schabas, "Law Society dedicated to countering systemic racism", The Star (21 November 2017)

Jasjit, Goraya. “The Overrepresentation of Minority Youth in Canada’s Criminal Justice System.” The Public Policy & Governance Review, March 9, 2015.
R. v.Spence, [2005] 3 S.C.R. 458, 2005 SCC 71 (headnote only)
Ford, Matt, “Justice Sotomayor’s Ringing Dissent” The Atlantic nos. (2016).
David M. Tanovich, "The Colourless World of Mann" (2004) 21:6 Criminal Reports 47.
Canada (Human Rights Commission) v. Taylor, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 892 (headnote only).

"Damages awarded in racial profiling case", Law Times, Accessed September 18, 2017.
Michael Bryan, "When is it OK for a politician to comment on a court case?", The Star (17 March 2018).
“Un Recours Collectif Contre Le SPVM Pour Profilage Racial Se Prépare.” TVA Nouvelles. Accessed April 4, 2018. http://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2018/03/30/un-recours-collectif-contre-le-spvm-pour-profilage-racial-se-prepare.
“Proposed Class-Action Lawsuit Alleges Racial Profiling by Durham Police | Toronto Star.” Thestar.com. Accessed March 8, 2017.

Further Readings:

David M. Tanovich, "Using the Charter to Stop Racial Profiling: The Development of an Equality-Based Conception of Arbitrary Detention" (2002) 40:2 Osgoode Hall LJ 145.
White drug dealers shocked to receive same treatment as ethnic drug dealers”, (10 March 2017), online: The Beaverton.
Andersen, Chris. “Governing Aboriginal Justice in Canada: Constructing Responsible Individuals and Communities through ‘tradition.’” Crime, Law and Social Change 31, no. 4 (1999): 303–326.
Blagg, Harry. Crime, Aboriginality and the Decolonisation of Justice. Hawkins Press, 2008. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ojyQTjn8FFgC&oi=fnd&pg=PR6&dq=challenging+over+representation+indigenous+criminal+justice&ots=oF-cR7ukS-&sig=rpjgqu8XaZvxiY62uW5GiIDxIsc.
Daly, Kathleen. “Restorative Justice in Diverse and Unequal Societies.” Law Context: A Socio-Legal J. 17 (2000): 167.
Furniss, Elizabeth. “Aboriginal Justice, the Media, and the Symbolic Management of Aboriginal/Euro-Canadian Relations.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 25, no. 2 (2001): 1–36.
LaPrairie, Carol. “The Role of Sentencing in the over-Representation of Aboriginal People in Correctional Institutions.” Canadian J. Criminology 32 (1990): 429.
Morris, Allison. “Critiquing the Critics: A Brief Response to Critics of Restorative Justice.” British Journal of Criminology 42, no. 3 (2002): 596–615.
Roberts, Julian V., and Anthony N. Doob. “Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice in Canada.” Crime and Justice 21 (1997): 469–522.
Rudin, Jonathan. “Aboriginal Peoples and the Criminal Justice System,” 2016. http://desa1.cejamericas.org/handle/2015/4719.
Tauri, Juan Marcellus. “Indigenous Critique of Authoritarian Criminology.” In Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 217–233. Springer, 2013. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137008695_15.
Tilbury, Clare. “The over-Representation of Indigenous Children in the Australian Child Welfare System.” International Journal of Social Welfare 18, no. 1 (2009): 57–64.
Bell, Derrick A. Race, Racism, and American Law. Aspen Pub, 2004.
Butler, Paul. “Racially Based Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Criminal Justice System.” The Yale Law Journal 105, no. 3 (1995): 677–725.
Cole, David. No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System. The New Press, 1999. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PrZgYEqYs8sC&oi=fnd&pg=PP12&dq=racial+discrimination+criminal+justice+system+blacks&ots=IeP09-fz6U&sig=P57IPaIXD2xmrMlDF0SOJqSrpYI.
Conley, Darlene J. “Adding Color to a Black and White Picture: Using Qualitative Data to Explain Racial Disproportionality in the Juvenile Justice System.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31, no. 2 (1994): 135–148.
Hurwitz, Jon, and Mark Peffley. “Explaining the Great Racial Divide: Perceptions of Fairness in the US Criminal Justice System.” Journal of Politics 67, no. 3 (2005): 762–783.
Kleck, Gary. “Racial Discrimination in Criminal Sentencing: A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence with Additional Evidence on the Death Penalty.” American Sociological Review, 1981, 783–805.
Steffensmeier, Darrell, Jeffery Ulmer, and John Kramer. “The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male.” Criminology 36, no. 4 (1998): 763–798.
Weitzer, Ronald. “Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System: Findings and Problems in the Literature.” Journal of Criminal Justice 24, no. 4 (1996): 309–322.
Weitzer, Ronald, and Steven A. Tuch. “Race, Class, and Perceptions of Discrimination by the Police.” Crime & Delinquency 45, no. 4 (1999): 494–507.
Butler, Paul. “Racially Based Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Criminal Justice System.” Yale Lj 105 (1995): 677.
Hylton, JOHN H. “The Justice System and Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples: The Persistence of Racial Discrimination.” Crimes of Colour: Racialization and the Criminal Justice System in Canada, 2002, 139–156.
———. “The Justice System and Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples: The Persistence of Racial Discrimination.” Crimes of Colour: Racialization and the Criminal Justice System in Canada, 2002, 139–156.
Kleck, Gary. “Racial Discrimination in Criminal Sentencing: A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence with Additional Evidence on the Death Penalty.” American Sociological Review, 1981, 783–805.
McCormick, Christopher Ray. Constructing Danger: The Mis/Representation of Crime in the News. Fernwood, 1995.
Monture-Okanee, Patricia A., and Mary Ellen Turpel. “Aboriginal Peoples and Canadian Criminal Law: Rethinking Justice.” U. Brit. Colum. L. Rev. 26 (1992): 239.
Mosher, Clayton James. Discrimination and Denial: Systemic Racism in Ontario’s Legal and Criminal Justice Systems, 1892-1961. University of Toronto Press, 1998.
Neugebauer, Robynne Susan. Criminal Injustice: Racism in the Criminal Justice System. Canadian Scholars’ Press, 2000.
Razack, Sherene. Looking White People in the Eye: Gender, Race, and Culture in Courtrooms and Classrooms. University of Toronto Press, 1998.
Roberts, Julian V. “Public Confidence in Criminal Justice in Canada: A Comparative and Contextual Analysis.” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 49, no. 2 (2007): 153–184.
———. “Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice.” Crime and Justice 16 (1992): 99–180.
Roberts, Julian V., and Anthony N. Doob. “Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice in Canada.” Crime and Justice 21 (1997): 469–522.
Wortley, Scot. “A Northern Taboo: Research on Race, Crime, and Criminal Justice in Canada.” Canadian J. Criminology 41 (1999): 261.
———. “Hidden Intersections: Research on Race, Crime, and Criminal Justice in Canada.” Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal 35, no. 3 (2003): 99–118.
———. “Introduction. The Immigration-Crime Connection: Competing Theoretical Perspectives.” Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale 10, no. 4 (2009): 349.
———. “Justice for All-Race and Perceptions of Bias in the Ontario Criminal Justice System-A Toronto Survey.” Canadian J. Criminology 38 (1996): 439.
Wortley, Scot, and Akwasi Owusu-Bempah. “Unequal before the Law: Immigrant and Racial Minority Perceptions of the Canadian Criminal Justice System.” Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale 10, no. 4 (2009): 447–473.

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